Explanation of each tag from the documentation :

CC: conjunction, coordinating
    & 'n and both but either et for less minus neither nor or plus so
    therefore times v. versus vs. whether yet
CD: numeral, cardinal
    mid-1890 nine-thirty forty-two one-tenth ten million 0.5 one forty-
    seven 1987 twenty '79 zero two 78-degrees eighty-four IX '60s .025
    fifteen 271,124 dozen quintillion DM2,000 ...
DT: determiner
    all an another any both del each either every half la many much nary
    neither no some such that the them these this those
EX: existential there
    there
FW: foreign word
    gemeinschaft hund ich jeux habeas Haementeria Herr K'ang-si vous
    lutihaw alai je jour objets salutaris fille quibusdam pas trop Monte
    terram fiche oui corporis ...
IN: preposition or conjunction, subordinating
    astride among uppon whether out inside pro despite on by throughout
    below within for towards near behind atop around if like until below
    next into if beside ...
JJ: adjective or numeral, ordinal
    third ill-mannered pre-war regrettable oiled calamitous first separable
    ectoplasmic battery-powered participatory fourth still-to-be-named
    multilingual multi-disciplinary ...
JJR: adjective, comparative
    bleaker braver breezier briefer brighter brisker broader bumper busier
    calmer cheaper choosier cleaner clearer closer colder commoner costlier
    cozier creamier crunchier cuter ...
JJS: adjective, superlative
    calmest cheapest choicest classiest cleanest clearest closest commonest
    corniest costliest crassest creepiest crudest cutest darkest deadliest
    dearest deepest densest dinkiest ...
LS: list item marker
    A A. B B. C C. D E F First G H I J K One SP-44001 SP-44002 SP-44005
    SP-44007 Second Third Three Two * a b c d first five four one six three
    two
MD: modal auxiliary
    can cannot could couldn't dare may might must need ought shall should
    shouldn't will would
NN: noun, common, singular or mass
    common-carrier cabbage knuckle-duster Casino afghan shed thermostat
    investment slide humour falloff slick wind hyena override subhumanity
    machinist ...
NNS: noun, common, plural
    undergraduates scotches bric-a-brac products bodyguards facets coasts
    divestitures storehouses designs clubs fragrances averages
    subjectivists apprehensions muses factory-jobs ...
NNP: noun, proper, singular
    Motown Venneboerger Czestochwa Ranzer Conchita Trumplane Christos
    Oceanside Escobar Kreisler Sawyer Cougar Yvette Ervin ODI Darryl CTCA
    Shannon A.K.C. Meltex Liverpool ...
NNPS: noun, proper, plural
    Americans Americas Amharas Amityvilles Amusements Anarcho-Syndicalists
    Andalusians Andes Andruses Angels Animals Anthony Antilles Antiques
    Apache Apaches Apocrypha ...
PDT: pre-determiner
    all both half many quite such sure this
POS: genitive marker
    ' 's
PRP: pronoun, personal
    hers herself him himself hisself it itself me myself one oneself ours
    ourselves ownself self she thee theirs them themselves they thou thy us
PRP$: pronoun, possessive
    her his mine my our ours their thy your
RB: adverb
    occasionally unabatingly maddeningly adventurously professedly
    stirringly prominently technologically magisterially predominately
    swiftly fiscally pitilessly ...
RBR: adverb, comparative
    further gloomier grander graver greater grimmer harder harsher
    healthier heavier higher however larger later leaner lengthier less-
    perfectly lesser lonelier longer louder lower more ...
RBS: adverb, superlative
    best biggest bluntest earliest farthest first furthest hardest
    heartiest highest largest least less most nearest second tightest worst
RP: particle
    aboard about across along apart around aside at away back before behind
    by crop down ever fast for forth from go high i.e. in into just later
    low more off on open out over per pie raising start teeth that through
    under unto up up-pp upon whole with you
SYM: symbol
    % & ' '' ''. ) ). * + ,. < = > @ A[fj] U.S U.S.S.R * ** ***
TO: "to" as preposition or infinitive marker
    to
UH: interjection
    Goodbye Goody Gosh Wow Jeepers Jee-sus Hubba Hey Kee-reist Oops amen
    huh howdy uh dammit whammo shucks heck anyways whodunnit honey golly
    man baby diddle hush sonuvabitch ...
VB: verb, base form
    ask assemble assess assign assume atone attention avoid bake balkanize
    bank begin behold believe bend benefit bevel beware bless boil bomb
    boost brace break bring broil brush build ...
VBD: verb, past tense
    dipped pleaded swiped regummed soaked tidied convened halted registered
    cushioned exacted snubbed strode aimed adopted belied figgered
    speculated wore appreciated contemplated ...
VBG: verb, present participle or gerund
    telegraphing stirring focusing angering judging stalling lactating
    hankerin' alleging veering capping approaching traveling besieging
    encrypting interrupting erasing wincing ...
VBN: verb, past participle
    multihulled dilapidated aerosolized chaired languished panelized used
    experimented flourished imitated reunifed factored condensed sheared
    unsettled primed dubbed desired ...
VBP: verb, present tense, not 3rd person singular
    predominate wrap resort sue twist spill cure lengthen brush terminate
    appear tend stray glisten obtain comprise detest tease attract
    emphasize mold postpone sever return wag ...
VBZ: verb, present tense, 3rd person singular
    bases reconstructs marks mixes displeases seals carps weaves snatches
    slumps stretches authorizes smolders pictures emerges stockpiles
    seduces fizzes uses bolsters slaps speaks pleads ...
WDT: WH-determiner
    that what whatever which whichever
WP: WH-pronoun
    that what whatever whatsoever which who whom whosoever
WP$: WH-pronoun, possessive
    whose
WRB: Wh-adverb
    how however whence whenever where whereby whereever wherein whereof why

в принятом ответе выше отсутствует следующая информация:

также определены 9 знаков препинания (которые не перечислены в некоторых ссылках, см. здесь). Это:

1. #
2. $
3. " (используется для всех форм закрывающую кавычку)
4. ((используется для всех форм открывающей скобки)
5. ) (используется для всех форм закрывающих скобок)
6. ,
7. . (используется для всех предложение-пунктуация)
8. : (используется для двоеточий, точек с запятой и эллипсов)
9. ` (используется для всех форм открывающей кавычки)

вот более полный список тегов для тега Penn Treebank (опубликовано здесь ради полноты):

http://www.surdeanu.info/mihai/teaching/ista555-fall13/readings/PennTreebankConstituents.html

Он также включает теги для уровней предложения и фразы.

П. Уровень

- S
- SBAR
- SBARQ
- SINV
- SQ

Уровень Фразы

- ADJP
- ADVP
- CONJP
- FRAG
- INTJ
- LST
- NAC
- NP
- NX
- PP
- PRN
- PRT
- QP
- RRC
- UCP
- VP
- WHADJP
- WHAVP
- WHNP
- WHPP
- X

(описание в ссылке)

на всякий случай, если вы хотели его закодировать...

/**
 * Represents the English parts-of-speech, encoded using the
 * de facto <a href="http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~treebank/">Penn Treebank
 * Project</a> standard.
 * 
 * @see <a href="ftp://ftp.cis.upenn.edu/pub/treebank/doc/tagguide.ps.gz">Penn Treebank Specification</a>
 */
public enum PartOfSpeech {
  ADJECTIVE( "JJ" ),
  ADJECTIVE_COMPARATIVE( ADJECTIVE + "R" ),
  ADJECTIVE_SUPERLATIVE( ADJECTIVE + "S" ),

  /* This category includes most words that end in -ly as well as degree
   * words like quite, too and very, posthead modi ers like enough and
   * indeed (as in good enough, very well indeed), and negative markers like
   * not, n't and never.
   */
  ADVERB( "RB" ),

  /* Adverbs with the comparative ending -er but without a strictly comparative
   * meaning, like <i>later</i> in <i>We can always come by later</i>, should
   * simply be tagged as RB.
   */
  ADVERB_COMPARATIVE( ADVERB + "R" ),
  ADVERB_SUPERLATIVE( ADVERB + "S" ),

  /* This category includes how, where, why, etc.
   */
  ADVERB_WH( "W" + ADVERB ),

  /* This category includes and, but, nor, or, yet (as in Y et it's cheap,
   * cheap yet good), as well as the mathematical operators plus, minus, less,
   * times (in the sense of "multiplied by") and over (in the sense of "divided
   * by"), when they are spelled out. <i>For</i> in the sense of "because" is
   * a coordinating conjunction (CC) rather than a subordinating conjunction.
   */
  CONJUNCTION_COORDINATING( "CC" ),
  CONJUNCTION_SUBORDINATING( "IN" ),
  CARDINAL_NUMBER( "CD" ),
  DETERMINER( "DT" ),

  /* This category includes which, as well as that when it is used as a
   * relative pronoun.
   */
  DETERMINER_WH( "W" + DETERMINER ),
  EXISTENTIAL_THERE( "EX" ),
  FOREIGN_WORD( "FW" ),

  LIST_ITEM_MARKER( "LS" ),

  NOUN( "NN" ),
  NOUN_PLURAL( NOUN + "S" ),
  NOUN_PROPER_SINGULAR( NOUN + "P" ),
  NOUN_PROPER_PLURAL( NOUN + "PS" ),

  PREDETERMINER( "PDT" ),
  POSSESSIVE_ENDING( "POS" ),

  PRONOUN_PERSONAL( "PRP" ),
  PRONOUN_POSSESSIVE( "PRP$" ),

  /* This category includes the wh-word whose.
   */
  PRONOUN_POSSESSIVE_WH( "WP$" ),

  /* This category includes what, who and whom.
   */
  PRONOUN_WH( "WP" ),

  PARTICLE( "RP" ),

  /* This tag should be used for mathematical, scientific and technical symbols
   * or expressions that aren't English words. It should not used for any and
   * all technical expressions. For instance, the names of chemicals, units of
   * measurements (including abbreviations thereof) and the like should be
   * tagged as nouns.
   */
  SYMBOL( "SYM" ),
  TO( "TO" ),

  /* This category includes my (as in M y, what a gorgeous day), oh, please,
   * see (as in See, it's like this), uh, well and yes, among others.
   */
  INTERJECTION( "UH" ),

  VERB( "VB" ),
  VERB_PAST_TENSE( VERB + "D" ),
  VERB_PARTICIPLE_PRESENT( VERB + "G" ),
  VERB_PARTICIPLE_PAST( VERB + "N" ),
  VERB_SINGULAR_PRESENT_NONTHIRD_PERSON( VERB + "P" ),
  VERB_SINGULAR_PRESENT_THIRD_PERSON( VERB + "Z" ),

  /* This category includes all verbs that don't take an -s ending in the
   * third person singular present: can, could, (dare), may, might, must,
   * ought, shall, should, will, would.
   */
  VERB_MODAL( "MD" ),

  /* Stanford.
   */
  SENTENCE_TERMINATOR( "." );

  private final String tag;

  private PartOfSpeech( String tag ) {
    this.tag = tag;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the encoding for this part-of-speech.
   * 
   * @return A string representing a Penn Treebank encoding for an English
   * part-of-speech.
   */
  public String toString() {
    return getTag();
  }

  protected String getTag() {
    return this.tag;
  }

  public static PartOfSpeech get( String value ) {
    for( PartOfSpeech v : values() ) {
      if( value.equals( v.getTag() ) ) {
        return v;
      }
    }

    throw new IllegalArgumentException( "Unknown part of speech: '" + value + "'." );
  }
}

Я предоставляю здесь весь список, а также даю ссылку

1.  CC   Coordinating conjunction
2.  CD   Cardinal number
3.  DT   Determiner
4.  EX   Existential there
5.  FW   Foreign word
6.  IN   Preposition or subordinating conjunction
7.  JJ   Adjective
8.  JJR  Adjective, comparative
9.  JJS  Adjective, superlative
10. LS   List item marker
11. MD   Modal
12. NN   Noun, singular or mass
13. NNS  Noun, plural
14. NNP  Proper noun, singular
15. NNPS Proper noun, plural
16. PDT  Predeterminer
17. POS  Possessive ending
18. PRP  Personal pronoun
19. PRP$ Possessive pronoun
20. RB   Adverb
21. RBR  Adverb, comparative
22. RBS  Adverb, superlative
23. RP   Particle
24. SYM  Symbol
25. TO   to
26. UH   Interjection
27. VB   Verb, base form
28. VBD  Verb, past tense
29. VBG  Verb, gerund or present participle
30. VBN  Verb, past participle
31. VBP  Verb, non-3rd person singular present
32. VBZ  Verb, 3rd person singular present
33. WDT  Wh-determiner
34. WP   Wh-pronoun
35. WP$  Possessive wh-pronoun
36. WRB  Wh-adverb

вы можете узнать весь список частей речи теги здесь.

Что касается вашего второго вопроса о поиске конкретного POS (например, существительное) помеченное слово/кусок, вот пример кода, который вы можете следовать.

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Properties properties = new Properties();
    properties.put("annotators", "tokenize, ssplit, pos, lemma, ner, parse");
    StanfordCoreNLP pipeline = new StanfordCoreNLP(properties);

    String input = "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.";
    Annotation annotation = pipeline.process(input);
    List<CoreMap> sentences = annotation.get(CoreAnnotations.SentencesAnnotation.class);
    List<String> output = new ArrayList<>();
    String regex = "([{pos:/NN|NNS|NNP/}])"; //Noun
    for (CoreMap sentence : sentences) {
        List<CoreLabel> tokens = sentence.get(CoreAnnotations.TokensAnnotation.class);
        TokenSequencePattern pattern = TokenSequencePattern.compile(regex);
        TokenSequenceMatcher matcher = pattern.getMatcher(tokens);
        while (matcher.find()) {
            output.add(matcher.group());
        }
    }
    System.out.println("Input: "+input);
    System.out.println("Output: "+output);
}

выход:

Input: Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Output: [ideas]

Они, кажется, коричневые Теги корпуса.